080 6801 6801
080 6801 6901
Cardiac Sciences
Bone and Joint
Gastrointestinal Sciences
Neurosciences
Renal Sciences
Maa Kauvery (Women and Child Health)
Robotic Surgery
Accident and Emergency Care
Anaesthesiology
Arthroplasty (Joint Replacement Surgeries)
Arthroscopy
Bariatric Surgery
Cardiology
Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
Critical Care and ICU
Dermatology
Diabetes and Endocrinology
ENT
Medical Gastroenterology
General Surgery
Hand Surgery
Monday, 11 November, 2024
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often considered to be a health condition that primarily affects elderly individuals. However, due to factors including poor lifestyle choices, genetic conditions, and underlying diseases like diabetes or hypertension, CKD has become more and more common in younger individuals. However let's explore the causes of CKD in young adults, shedding light on symptoms, and treatment options, and offering guidance on prevention and long-term care strategies.
What is Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults?
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterised by progressive loss of kidney function wherein kidneys gradually lose their capacity to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood over a period of 3 months or more. Based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), CKD is classified into 5 stages (CKD stage 1 to Stage 5).
Kidney damage is minimal and often asymptomatic at stage 1 of chronic kidney disease, but as the disease progresses, the chronic kidney disease stages symptoms become more pronounced. By the time the disease reaches stage 5, also known as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), the kidneys lose their ability to perform vital functions such as filtering wastes and toxins from the body, maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure, producing hemoglobin, and preserving bone health. At this point, renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or a kidney transplant becomes necessary for survival.
While CKD can progress slowly, its impacts are significant. Because they filter waste, balance electrolytes, regulate blood pressure and fluid levels and maintains bone health and hemoglobin. Any impairment in kidney function will lead to significantly reduced quality of life and general well being. It also adds to increased mortality or morbidity. Impaired kidney function can cause fluid retention, high blood pressure, anemia, increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Young Adults?
CKD in younger adults is often driven by a combination of lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and underlying medical conditions. Some key causes include:
Diabetes
There is a high connection between CKD and diabetes, both types 1 and 2. Diabetic nephropathy is an effect of uncontrolled high blood sugar damaging the kidneys' blood vessels which decreases the ability to function.
Hypertension(High Blood Pressure
Poorly managed hypertension is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD) across all age groups. Early-onset hypertension in younger adults may result in significant kidney damage if left untreated or undetected.
Obesity
Obesity increases the risk of developing diabetes and hypertension, both of which are significant contributors to CKD. Excess body weight can lead to a condition known as obesity-related kidney disease, where the kidneys have to work harder to filter waste and excess fluid, resulting in potential damage over time.
Smoking
Smoking can worsen kidney function and is associated with a higher risk of CKD. It can damage blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the kidneys and impairing their function. Additionally, smoking is linked to the progression of kidney disease in individuals already diagnosed with CKD.
Autoimmune Disorders
Diseases such as IgA nephropathy and lupus may trigger kidney inflammation, which in turn can cause chronic kidney disease (CKD). When kidney tissue is inappropriately attacked by the immune system, it results in inflammation and damage to lupus.
Genetics and Hereditary Conditions
Family history plays a major role in diseases like Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD). Children of PKD individuals are more likely to get the condition if one or both parents have it. Moreover, hereditary kidney diseases include congenital nephrotic syndrome or Alport syndrome.
Drug Abuse and Toxic Substances
If not properly managed, long-term use of medications for medications for chronic kidney disease, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may result in kidney damage. Substance misuse (e.g. heroin or cocaine) can also have adverse impacts on the kidneys, which can result in acute damage to the kidneys, or CKD.
Infections
CKD may occur as a result of renal scarring brought on by recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or untreated kidney infections (such as pyelonephritis).
What are the Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease in Younger Adults?
Chronic kidney disease symptoms can be subtle, especially in its early stages. Often, young adults may not exhibit any noticeable symptoms until the disease has progressed significantly. However, as kidney function deteriorates, several key symptoms may arise:
Fatigue
Reduced kidney function can lead to a buildup of toxins in the bloodstream, causing extreme tiredness and weakness.
Changes in Urination
CKD can cause noticeable changes in urination, including foamy urine, blood in the urine, or more frequent nighttime urination.
Swelling (Edema)
Fluid retention, causing edema, especially in the hands, feet, or face, is a common symptom of kidney disease because the kidneys are not able to remove excess fluid efficiently.
Shortness of Breath
Fluid buildup can occur not only in tissues but also in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
High Blood Pressure
Poorly controlled blood pressure may be both a cause and a symptom of CKD.
Diagnosis of CKD is typically confirmed through a combination of blood tests (to assess levels of creatinine and urea), urine tests (to check for proteinuria or hematuria), and imaging tests like ultrasounds. In some cases, a kidney biopsy may be required to understand the underlying cause and severity of kidney damage
How to Diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults?
Diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in young adults requires a thorough medical evaluation that includes a combination of tests to assess kidney function and detect any abnormalities:
Blood Tests
The primary blood tests used to diagnose CKD measure levels of waste products like creatinine and urea in the bloodstream. Elevated levels of these substances indicate impaired kidney function. A key measurement, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is calculated using creatinine levels to assess how efficiently the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood.
Urine Tests
Urinalysis helps detect abnormal levels of protein (proteinuria) or blood (hematuria), which are early signs of kidney damage. The presence of protein in the urine is often one of the first indications of CKD.
Imaging Tests
Ultrasounds or CT scans are often performed to visualize the kidneys' structure and detect any blockages, cysts, or other structural abnormalities that may be affecting kidney function.
Biopsy
In some cases, a kidney biopsy is required. A small sample of kidney tissue is extracted for examination under a microscope, which helps determine the cause and severity of the damage, especially in cases of autoimmune or genetic disorders.
For those seeking expert diagnosis and treatment, nephrologists in Bangalore specialize in managing CKD through these diagnostic tests, ensuring personalized care and early intervention to prevent disease progression.
What are the Treatment Options for CKD in Younger Adults?
Managing CKD in young adults involves a multifaceted approach aimed at controlling symptoms, slowing disease progression, and addressing the underlying causes. Effective chronic kidney disease treatments include
Dietary Changes
Managing CKD needs a diet that is friendly to the kidneys. To avoid overloading the kidneys, patients are frequently recommended to limit their consumption of protein, potassium, salt, and phosphorus.
Blood Pressure Management
Managing blood pressure in a healthy range, usually less than 130/80 mmHg, is essential for those with hypertension-induced CKD to prevent further kidney damage.
Blood Sugar Control
For young adults with CKD, particularly those with diabetes, managing blood sugar levels is crucial. High blood sugar can cause additional strain on the kidneys. A well-balanced diet, regular physical activity, and consistent monitoring of blood glucose levels are key strategies for maintaining proper blood sugar control. In some cases, medications such as insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs may be necessary to keep blood sugar levels within a target range.
Dialysis
Dialysis is frequently required when CKD has advanced to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). When the kidneys are unable to remove waste and extra fluid from the circulation, a procedure known as dialysis is used to filter the blood. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the two main types of dialysis.
Kidney Transplantation
The most effective course of treatment for young adults with severe CKD or ESRD may involve a kidney transplant. Long-term immunosuppressive medicine used to avoid organ rejection and the search for a qualified donor are prerequisites for transplantation, which improves the quality of life over long-term dialysis.
How to Prevent Chronic Kidney Disease in Younger Adults?
Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is not only about treating underlying conditions but also adopting a proactive approach to maintain kidney health. By focusing on healthy lifestyle choices and medical interventions that promote kidney function, many young individuals can lower their risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here are some key preventative methods:
Maintain Healthy Blood Pressure
Monitoring blood pressure is crucial. A diet low in salt and rich in fruits and vegetables, combined with regular physical activity, can help maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Control Blood Sugar
Managing blood sugar levels is crucial for diabetics to avoid developing diabetic nephropathy. A balanced, low-sugar diet and routine blood testing can help reduce the risk.
Stay Hydrated
Water consumption is key to the kidneys' effective waste-filtering function. On the other hand, CKD patients may need to moderate their fluid consumption in accordance with their doctor’s recommendations.
Limit Use of Painkillers
Prolonged use of NSAIDs, like aspirin or ibuprofen, can harm the kidneys. Use these medications only when prescribed by a doctor and only when absolutely necessary.
Quit Smoking
Smoking can increase blood pressure, reduce blood flow to the kidneys, and accelerate the progression of CKD. Quitting smoking improves kidney health also lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Regular Exercise
Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial in preventing CKD, and hypertension. Walking, swimming, or cycling, can help lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and improve cardiovascular health, all of which support kidney function.
Routine Medical Check-Ups
Regular health check-ups and screenings can help detect early signs of CKD, especially for those at higher risk due to family history or pre-existing conditions.
Long-Term Outlook and Quality of Life for Younger Adults
Chronic Kidney Disease can have a significant impact on the quality of life for young adults, but with proper management and lifestyle adjustments, many individuals can maintain a relatively normal life. Here’s an overview of the long-term outlook for young adults living with CKD:
Disease Progression
Depending on the underlying cause, the stage of the disease at diagnosis, and the individual's adherence to the treatment plan, there are considerable variations in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Proactive management combined with early discovery can avoid complications of the disease. For instance, blood pressure and blood sugar management might delay kidney damage in young adults with hypertensive nephropathy or diabetic nephropathy.
Impact on Daily Life
Managing CKD often requires changing one's lifestyle which involves regular exercise, kidney-friendly diets, and medication schedules. These changes can be challenging, especially for young adults who may not have expected to deal with a chronic condition. It is important to recognize the psychological effects of CKD, including anxiety about the future and feelings of isolation.
Education and Support
For young adults with CKD, having access to educational resources and support systems is critical. This includes understanding the disease, knowing the signs of progression, and learning how to manage symptoms. Support groups, both online and in-person, can provide emotional support, and connecting with others who face similar challenges can offer reassurance and practical advice.
Work and Social Life
CKD may also affect a young adult’s ability to work or participate in social activities. Fatigue, the need for frequent medical appointments, or even kidney dialysis can interfere with employment and social engagements. Employers may need to accommodate individuals with CKD through flexible work schedules or remote work options. Maintaining an active social life is important for emotional well-being, and finding ways to manage CKD within social settings (such as navigating dietary restrictions) can help young adults continue to enjoy a fulfilling life.
Dialysis and Transplantation
For those who progress to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), dialysis or kidney transplantation becomes necessary. Life expectancy on dialysis can vary depending on factors such as age, underlying health conditions, and adherence to treatment, but it often requires multiple treatments a week, which can be physically and emotionally taxing. Kidney transplantation offers a better quality of life and is often the preferred treatment for younger individuals, but it comes with its own set of challenges, including finding a suitable donor and managing immunosuppressive therapy post-transplant.
Life Expectancy and Quality of Life
Advances in the treatment of CKD have improved life expectancy and quality of life for young adults living with the disease. Those who manage CKD effectively incorporating chronic kidney disease self care strategies, can expect to live long, fulfilling lives. The key to this is early intervention, consistent medical care, and adherence to lifestyle modifications.
Conclusion
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in young adults is a serious but manageable condition. While genetic predisposition, hypertension, and diabetes are common contributors, lifestyle changes and early medical intervention can make a significant difference in the long-term outlook for those affected. By understanding the risk factors, recognizing early symptoms, and working closely with healthcare providers, young adults can take control of their kidney health and prevent CKD from progressing to more severe stages. With the right support and treatment, individuals with CKD can maintain a high quality of life and continue to pursue their personal and professional goals. For those seeking expert care and support, consulting with the best nephrology hospital in Bangalore can provide access to advanced treatments and resources that help manage CKD effectively.
FAQ’s
What is the most common cause of CKD in young adults?
Uncontrolled diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.
How does chronic kidney disease get diagnosed?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed with a combination of blood and urine tests, physical examination, and other procedures like imaging & Kidney biopsy
Can you get chronic kidney disease in your 20s?
Yes, anyone can develop CKD at any age, including people in their 20’s
Can I live a normal life with CKD?
Many people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are able to live long lives without being unduly affected by the condition.
Consultant Nephrologist
MBBS, MD, DNB
